US CIVIL WAR
VI. Administration of Abraham Lincoln (16th President)
A. Lincoln's First Inauguration

1. Journey to Washington Feb 1861
   a. Lincoln left Springfield IL on 11 Feb and made several brief speeches en route to Washington DC without disclosing his plans or his policies.
   b. Warned of an assassination plot in Baltimore, Lincoln was secreted by special train at night, arriving in Washington on 23 Feb.
   
2. Lincoln's Inaugural Address 4 Mar
   a. Lincoln firmly in a conciliatory manner assured that the rights of the South would be protected, stating I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.
   b. But Lincoln would not allow secession declaring that no state, upon its own mere action, can lawfully get out of the Union .
   c. The Union was perpetual, and as President he would execute the laws of the Union in all states, and would hold, occupy and possess any federal property in any state.
   d. Violence could be avoided unless it be forced upon the national authority.
   

B. Civil War Begins

1. Firing Upon Ft Sumter
   a. Lincoln wanted to avoid an overt act and therefore delayed a decision on Ft Sumter.
   b. Although his Secretary of State proposed that the fort be evacuated, reinforcing the Gulf ports instead, Lincoln decided on 6 Apr to provision the garrison at Ft Sumter in Charleston harbor and notified SC and the Confederate government in Montgomery that an expedition was being sent strictly to resupply the post.
   c. The Confederate Congress (15 Feb) had resolved to possess both Ft Sumter and Ft Pickens at Pensacola FL
   d. SC demanded that MAJ Robert Anderson surrender at once
   (1) Anderson offered to surrender when his supplies ran out in about two days, not knowing of the resupply attempt
   (2) SC rejected it, knowing that the resupply ship was already enroute.
   e. Shore batteries under Gen Pierre G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Ft. Sumter (12 Apr), forcing Anderson to surrender on 13 Apr, after 34 hours of an intense but bloodless bombardment, meaning the CIVIL WAR HAD BEGUN
   f. Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 90-day volunteers to defend the Union (15 Apr).
   
2. Border States
   a. The call for volunteers signaled the invasion of the South and caused VA (17 Apr), AR (6 May), TN (7 May) and NC (20 May) to secede and join the Confederacy, bringing it to 11 states.
   b. The loss of Virginia cost the US Army some of its best officers: Robert E. Lee , who had turned down an offer to head Federal forces, and Joseph E. Johnston .
   c. The capital of the Confederacy was chosen as Richmond and the provisional government moved from Montgomery AL in June 1861.
   (1) KY soldiers in the Confederacy voted in Russellville (Nov) to secede
   (2) Gov Claiborne F. Jackson (MO) attempted to take MO out of the Union.
   (3) Although KY and MO were not part of the CSA, these attempts were a sign of providence to Davis, who noted that the US had begun with thirteen colonies.
   d. Four slave states between 3 June - 11 Sept received attention as both sides urged them to either remain in the Union or to secede and join the Confederacy.
   (1) Maryland - A pro-Unionist Gov Thomas Hicks and a majority who opposed secessionism against attempts, either to accept Southern independence or at least to remain neutral in the conflict, secured Maryland's position in the Union by the end of 1861, to which MD contributed 46,000 men.
   (2) Kentucky - Both Lincoln's and Davis's home state was economically oriented to the South but a strongly nationalistic legislature voted to remain neutral
   (a) Lincoln promised not to send in Federal troops if KY remained peaceful.
   (b) Only after CSA forces entered from TN did they take steps to expel the Confederates and ultimately KY provided 75,000 men to the Union.
   (3) Missouri - Two major battles, at Wilson's Creek , and Pea Ridge AR , between Unionist forces led by Gen Nathaniel Lyon and Secessionist forces led by Gov Claiborne F. Jackson, secured Union control of MO and kept the state in the Union, providing 109,000 Union men (30,000 for the CSA).
   (4) Delaware - The fourth slave state never considered leaving the Union.
   e. West Virginia - 50 counties in the mountainous western section of VA, tied economically to the Ohio Valley and traditionally opposed to the Piedmont and Tidewater regions of VA, refused to recognize secession
   (1) Meeting in Wheeling in June, they organized a Union government
   (2) They chose Francie H. Pierpont as governor and entered the Union in 1863.
   f. Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian Territory cast their lot with the CSA
   

C. Viewpoints About the War


1. Southern Opinions
   a. The North would not fight and a fast show of force would end the war quickly
   b. Northern merchants were too concerned for profits to risk waging war with one of their best customers and a chief source of cotton.
   c. Northern "wage slavery" sapped laborers of any desire to fight, making them too weak to fight
   d. The South had numerous field-tested military officers who were superior to Union officers (182 general Confederate officers had begun their careers in the US Army)
   e. Europeans would recognize and support Southern independence because they were so dependent on Southern cotton exports.
   f. Southern control of the Mississippi would swing the Great Valley to the Confederacy (overlooking the East-West shift that resulted from railroad building in the 50s).
   g. Southern optimism rested on the fact that it was on the defensive, could afford to lose battles while wearing the North down, and had many citizens trained in arms, atuned to outdoor living and predisposed toward military careers.
   
2. Northern Opinions
   a. Lincoln, on the advice of Seward, said nothing about waging the war to free slaves
   b. The firing on Ft Sumter was seen as an act of treason, and Lincoln appealed for volunteers to "save" the Union.
   c. Northern industrial strength would make the war a short one.
   

D. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Opposing Armies in the War Between the States


1. Population in 1861
   a. The North's 23 states (19 free/ 4 slave) had 18.9 million whites in the free states, augmented by a heavy influx of immigrants, 400,000 foreign-born of whom served in the Union army.
   b.The South's eleven states had 5.5 million white population and 3.5 million slaves.
   c. The four border states contributed an equal number of soldiers to both sides from their combined total population of 2.6 million.
   
2. Assets
   a. The North's balanced economy (advanced industrial development, prosperous agri-culture and strong banking institutions), railroad grid (binding the North to the Ohio and Mississippi valleys), merchant marine and naval supremacy gave them an edge
   (1) The North manufactured products worth 10 times more than those in the South.
   (2) Bank capital in the North was 4 to 1 over the South.
   (3) 2/3 of the railroad mileage was in the North.
   (4) Most shipping went from Northern ports.
   b. The South had an agricultural economy based on staples, a stunted industrial growth and an inadequate railroad system
   (1) The South faced a critical need of money throughout the war.
   (2) MS and TN Rivers and Great Valley of VA were excellent invasion routes for Union armies
   (3) Its few good harbors could be easily blockaded.
   
3. Leadership
   a. Jefferson Davis
   (1) Military experience: more than Lincoln as a Lieutenant of dragoons, Colonel of volunteers, Congressman, Senator, Secretary of War.
   (2) Tactfulness: courageous, sincere, patient and honest, but had a knack of infuriating those with whom he worked as illustrated by five Secretaries of War in 4 years and 38 vetoes of his Congress to only three from Lincoln.
   (3) Attempted to direct military operations personally which broke his health, and made him increasingly bitter about the circumstances of war.
   (4) Constantly harassed by localism , state governors more committed to their state than the confederacy as a whole -- states' rights was supposedly the main reason that they seceded.
   b. Abraham Lincoln
   (1) Only minor military experience in the Black Hawk Wars and had only served a single-term Congressman at the time of the Mexican War.
   (2) Maintained a sustained dignity and magnanimity throughout the war.
   (3) A less cohesive cabinet than Davis, although his cabinet instilled greater public confidence than did the confederate cabinet.
   (4) No real personal friends or real followers in his cabinet while Davis had some who greatly admired him (such as John H. Reagan (TX), Confederate Postmaster General who put Davis's picture on Confederate postage stamps).
   (5) Fought to preserve the Union, using tact and delicacy to work with many less able generals than Davis had and with politicians who did not trust one another.
   
4. Military Advantages/Disadvantages
   a. Northern
   (1) Twice the size of Army than the South had - 16,257 men and officers when the war started, although Lincoln did not have an able competent officer to lead them at first until Grant's victories in the West
   (2) Controlled the Mississippi, because of a strong Unionist group in New Orleans
   (3) Hesitancy over blockading the first seceding states, for fear of driving out other states, allowed the South to gain some valuable resources initially.
   b. Southern
   (1) Fighting on its own terrain, which rebel soldiers knew better than Union troops
   (2) Superior military leaders -- many West Point graduates with experience in the Mexican War
   (3) The South's best defense at first was the North's hesitancy to pursue after its victories -- the North's best general, Winfield Scott, was too old and the rest had serious problems.
   
5. Initial Recruitment
   a. Lincoln initially called for 75,000 volunteers for 90-day enlistments.
   b. By July 1861, the South had raised an army of 60,000
   c. Lincoln on the 4th of July requested an additional 400,000 men for the war, when it became increasingly apparent that the war effort would take much longer, but in special session, Congress authorized the raising of 500,000 for the duration.
   
6. Enlistments -- 1,556,678 Union to 1,082,119 Confederate but because of the offensive nature, invasion and need for long lines of communications, the North's numerical strength was not the asset as the figures might suggest.
   

E. European Reaction


1. The upper class in Britain favored the Confederacy, angry at high Union tariffs, while the working class and most of the middle class favored the Union.
   
2. Britain declared neutrality on 13 May and on 1 June forbade either side from bringing its prizes of war into British ports, which hurt Confederate privateering.
   

F. Early Northern Military Strategy -- Anaconda Plan


1. The highest ranking and best known officer remaining in the US military was the aged Winfield Scott , in ill health, too old and too fat to take the field again.
   
2. Seward suggested that the war would be over in 90 days but Scott warned that it would take at least 300,000 men, one good general and up to 3 years to conquer the South.
   
3. His 3-pronged plan of attack was designed to steadily squeeze the life out of the South
   a. Blockade Southern ports along its 3,550 miles of coastline while organizing a Union invasion
   (1) About 800 vessels managed to evade the blockade in the first year.
   (2) 6,000 ships had entered and cleared Southern ports in 1860.
   (3) Chances of capture, 1 in 10 in 1861, were reduced to 1 in 3 by 1864.
   b. Protect the US capital , Washington DC, while Union forces advanced on all fronts.
   c. Slowly divide the South into parts , sending troops down the Mississippi to divide the Western confederacy from the rest.
   
4. Lincoln's Contributions
   a. Although limited in military experience, Lincoln was the best strategist in the North.
   b. Lincoln's strength of character and superior mind kept the North interested in the war when it did not end quickly, until the South was slowly strangled
   c. By combining the North's superior sea power with its edge in resources, Lincoln expected to slowly starve the South into surrender by tightening the squeeze.
   

VII. Fighting the War
A. Phase I 1861-62 - The South Successfully Defends Itself

1. Push for Richmond
   a. Lincoln succumbed to pressure of the Northern press which pushed for the Union to take action into the South, and decided to move against Richmond (July 1861).
   b. First Battle of Bull Run or (Manasses ) (Union battles were named for the nearest body of water while Southerners named them for the nearest town).
   (1) Twenty miles south of Washington DC, Gen Irving McDowell with 30,000 men met Gen Pierre T. Beauregard in a clash at Bull Run Creek
   (a) Gen Joseph E. Johnson 's 9,000 reinforcements arrived by rail to save the South
   (b) Here Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's men earned him a nickname, "Stone -wall ", by turning an apparent Southern rout into victory.
   (2) Routed Union troops returned to Washington DC with rumors of an approach-ing Southern army, creating panic in the city, alerting the North to the peril of the Capital and to the seriousness of the war and ending talk of a 90-day war.
   (3) But Lincoln did not abandon the capital, and Beauregard's men, more disor-ganized than Union forces, did not pursue the Union troops into Washington.
   
2. Early Southern Mistakes
   a. They could have gotten much cotton out and supplies in before the Union blockade was in place, but instead chose to embargo, believing that if its cotton was withheld from Europe, Europe would break the blockade themselves to get it.
   b. They levied no taxes in 1861, losing a chance to be on a sound financial basis.
   c. They could have scared the North early by invading Pennsylvania before the North was adequately prepared, but Davis pursued a defensive posture instead.
   
3. Gen George B. McClellan Elevated
   a. Because of success in Western Virginia with Ohio volunteers, Lincoln elevated McClellan to commander of the Army of the Potomac , 3 days after Bull Run.
   b. McClellan organized and trained an army for nine months, but his contempt for Lincoln and his own political ambitions clouded his judgment and made him appear reluctant to fight, although Lincoln gave him much support.
   (1) 1 Nov - After Winfield Scott came into conflict with McClellan and resigned voluntarily, McClellan was elevated to head all armies of the Republic
   (2) Although he consistently snubbed the commander-in-chief, Lincoln stated that he would gladly hold McClellan's horse if he would only bring the Union success.
   c. McClellan's delay, while nerve racking to the President and the US press, actually gained the Union time to put the blockade in place and put together a fighting army.
   
4. Early Problems
   a. Jefferson Davis was reelected unanimously to a six-year term, but Confederate paper money depreciated by half, and he faced a more fractious cabinet.
   b. Lincoln faced growing opposition in the Republican party
   (1) Ben Wade , "Zach " Chandler and Thaddeus Stevens wanted a war of revenge for the immediate emancipation of slaves who would be armed and used against the South.
   (2) Such action might have lost additional border states and Northern Democrat support
   c. Resentment of Lincoln's assumption of vast powers caused Congress to create a Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , dominated by the radicals.
   d. Early Cabinet Changes
   (1) Secretary of War, Simon Cameron , resigned because of a scandal involving his department (but Cameron became US ambassador to Russia).
   (2) His replacement, Democrat Edwin M. Stanton , at first a cruel and harsh man who gave Lincoln many problems, emerged as one of Lincoln's staunchest supporters (an early supporter of arming slaves)
   (a) With no war experience, he reorganized the War Department
   i) For efficiency, he removed patronage, which ended its corruption
   ii) He established better communications between the generals, the governors and the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War
   iii) He worked to provide equipment and supplies requested by the military
   (b) Although a personal friend of McClellan, he eventually sided with the general's critics who later favored his removal from command.
   (c) He antagonized everyone he came into contact with arrogance and his meddling ways.
   
5. Peninsular Campaign Mar - June 1862 -- bloodiest fighting in the war.
   a. A three-pronged attack was finally agreed to by Union leaders.
   (1) McClellan with 130,000 to proceed to Richmond in Mar 1862
   (2) Buell to go to eastern Tennessee to cut the Richmond to Memphis supply line against CSA Gen Albert S. Johnston
   (3) Efforts down the Mississippi tried to link up with a naval expedition coming to Vicksburg from New Orleans (captured early in 1862 by Butler).
   b. McClellan's advance toward the Confederate capital was halted by the combined forces of Lee, Jackson and Johnston -- 36,000 casualties.
   c. McClellan's continuous reluctance to fight caused Lincoln to strip him of the command of the Union armies, leaving him only the Army of the Potomac.
   
6. First Union Victory Apr 1862
   a. The first substantial union victory involved Gen Ulysses S. Grant in Tennessee which provided a much needed morale boost to the North's sagging emotions.
   b. The victory pierced the legend of the South's invincibility but Grant was not allowed to pursue Johnston and seriously sting the South, having had his forces divided by the commander in the West, Gen Henry W. Halleck .
   c. Although inconclusive, a union victory at the Battle of Shiloh at Pittsburg Landing TN (the South pulled back first) caused the South to pull most of its troops out of Tennessee as a result, after losing CSA Gen Johnston, killed on 6 Apr.
   d. The Union lost 13,047 of 55,000 to the CSA's 10,694 of 42,000.
   e. Grant was blamed for the costliness of the Battle of Shiloh with charges that he was an alcoholic and drunk during the battle, but Lincoln refused to relieve him because he was victorious.
   
7. Seven Days Campaign June 1862
   a. In an effort to drive McClellan from the Peninsula, Lee sent Jackson to attack the Union's right while he struck McClellan's middle.
   b. Costly for both sides - Union 16,000 casualties, CSA 20,000.
   c. Although badly outnumbered, the South kept the North from invading Richmond.
   d. 11 July - Gen Halleck replaced McClellan, whose superior force had been unable to move successfully against Richmond in the Peninsular Campaign
   
8. Second Battle of Bull Run 29-30 Aug 1862
   a. Another Southern victory undid any significant Union gains in Northern Virginia.
   b. CSA Gen Jackson engaged Gen John Pope , under whom Halleck had consolidated the Armies of VA, after days of maneuvering and positioning on both sides (beginning 9 Aug).
   c. McClellan moved in to aid Pope, but almost too late, before communications between Pope and Lincoln were broken on 27 Aug
   d. Pope mistakenly thought Jackson's forces were withdrawing (20,000) and engaged them (62,000) before CSA Gen James Longstreet reinforced Jackson.
   e. 1 Sept - Final battle of this skirmish cost the lives of Union Gens Philip Kearney and J.J. Stevens and forced Pope to retreat again to Washington DC.
   f. Against the advice of some Cabinet members, Lincoln put McClellan in charge of the Army of VA to defend the capital.
   
9. Battle of Antietam Sept 1862 - Union's most acute crisis of the War
   a. 13 Sept -- Lee divided forces, sending Jackson to Harper's Ferry as he planned to go into MD.
   b. McClellan acted unusually swift in responding to Lee's movements (having captured a copy of Lee's plans), enabling him to take advantage of Lee's divided forces - Jackson to Harper's Ferry, Longstreet to Hagerstown, JEB Stuart to South Mtn.
   c. 17 Sept 1862 - McClellan with 70,000 met Lee with 40,000 at Antietam Creek near Sharpstown MD in the single bloodiest day of the war - 36,000 CSA troops (2,700 killed, 9,024 wounded, 2,000 missing) vs 87,000 Federals (2,108 killed, 9,549 wounded, 753 missing).
   d. Lee withdrew from MD the next day and the South resumed a defensive position.
   e. The Southern loss at Antietam ended possible recognition by European nations and gave Lincoln an opportunity officially to release his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
   

B. Phase II -- 1863-64 - Momentum Swings Northward

1. Emancipation Proclamation 1 Jan 1863
   a. On the heels of a Union victory at Antietam, Lincoln revealed a plan to emancipate all slaves in rebel territory.
   b. Issued on 13 Sept 1862, it was effective New Year's Day 1863
   (1) Loyal slave states were excluded, having previously resisted measures for compensated emancipation, as well as loyal counties in LA, TN and VA
   (2) WV entered the Union with gradual emancipation in its constitution and abolished slavery by the end of 1863
   (3) MD, MO and TN abolished slavery in 1864
   (4) KY and Delaware did not abolish slavery until the 13th amendment.
   c. It effectively turned the civil conflict into a crusade, bringing worldwide, liberal opinion on the Union side, keeping European nations from recognizing the CSA.
   d. Although it created a good will feeling for the Union, in reality, it freed no slaves residing in any rebel state, because the Federal government had no jurisdiction.
   
2. McClellan Relieved of Command for the Final Time
   a. Following Lee's retreat from MD, McClellan again failed to pursue and deal him a knock-out
   b. 7 Nov - Because of this reluctance, Lincoln removed McClellan and gave the Army of the Potomac to Gen Ambrose E. Burnside , who really did not want it.
   
3. Politics of the Era
   a. Bi-Elections 1862 - Republicans gained control of the House of Representatives by 7 votes with victories in border states, CA, MI and New England while Democrats won in NJ, NY, IL and WI
   b. West Virginia Admitted
   (1) 10 Dec 1862 - House of Representatives (96-55) approved a Senate action to create WV.
   (2) 31 Dec - When Lincoln signed it, West Virginia became the 35th state, and 5th slave state in the Union during the Civil War, although its constitution gradually emancipated its slaves.
   c. Julia Ward Howe 's Battle Hymn of the Republic was sung around Union campfires.
   
4. Other Battles
   a. Battle of Fredericksburg (VA)
   (1) Longstreet and Burnside (113,000 Federals) faced JEB Stuart with Lee arriving later (75,000 CSA troops) with 12,659 Union and 5,309 CSA casualties.
   (2) Lincoln refused to accept Burnside's resignation, but when disagreement over the proposed second attempt to move against Richmond arose between him and his staff, Burnside, demanding to be relieved, was replaced by Gen Joseph Hooker.
   b. Battle of Chancellorsville (west of Fredericksburg) 2-4 May
   (1) With 130,000 men at his disposal, Hooker's boast of what he would do to Lee (with less than 60,000) proved futile when his troops were routed by Lee's men
   (2) Death of Stonewall Jackson 2-10 May
   (a) Jackson with 35,000 men defeated Hooker's 70,000, but unfortunately at the end of the day, Jackson and his staff were mistaken as Union soldiers and fired upon by friendly fire
   (b) Jackson sustained a wound in his arm, which was amputated to save him.
   (c) By 10 May, complications with pneumonia set in and Jackson died.
   (3) Between 27 Apr - 4 May, the Union suffered 17,287 casualties to the CSA's 20,386, the South's costliest victory.
   c. Battle of Gettysburg
   (1) Lee's 75,000 men moved into Pennsylvania, where war support was weak
   (a) A CSA victory in the North might foster its growing peace effort.
   (b) Europe might be encouraged to recognize the Confederacy after all.
   (c) The Union army might be further demoralized.
   (2) Hooker resigned on 28 June after disagreeing with Halleck and Lincoln appointed Gen George Gordon Meade as head of the Army of the Potomac.
   (3) A three-day battle began on 1 July 1863 between Meade (88,289 men) and Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (75,000 men)
   (a) Although it appeared to go badly for the Union on 2 July with Lee's attack, Lee, against his officers's advice, attacked the Union's center, which held.
   (b) Pickett's Charge , the Confederate high point, was turned back
   (4) The North lost 23,049 casualties to the Confederate's 28,063.
   d. Lee began withdrawing into Virginia (4 July)
   (1) Rains prevented a rapid withdrawal for two days at the Potomac River
   (2) But Meade failed to pursue him, giving Lee time to return to Southern soil.
   e. At a memorial cemetery at Gettysburg (19 Nov), Lincoln uttered his Gettysburg Address
   
5. Battle of Vicksburg July 1863
   a. In the West, Grant's Army of the Tennessee moved toward Vicksburg in order to open the Mississippi to Union control.
   b. In the winter of 1862-63, Grant tried to maneuver around Vicksburg but could only slowly advance toward Vicksburg, with Pemberton and Johnston trying to stop him
   (1) With 20,000 men, Grant advanced northeastward on the rear of Vicksburg and beginning on 1 May, concluded five victories in three weeks
   (2) By 22 May, Grant's forces of 33,000, including those of McPherson and Sherman, laid siege to Vicksburg after two assault attempts failed.
   c. After 6-weeks bombardment, Gen John C. Pemberton surrendered (30,000+ troops) 4 July
   d. After news of the fall of Vicksburg, Confederate forces at Port Hudson LA surrendered on 9 July, leaving the Mississippi entirely in Union control and splitting the Confederacy.
   e. Casualties between Oct-July - 9,000 US and 10,000 CSA, not counting prisoners.
   
6. The last union fiasco involved all CSA troops west of the Mississippi at Pleasant Hill LA in the Spring of 1864.
   
7. Battle of Chattanooga Nov 1863
   a. Grant, in charge of the Western armies, finally cleared TN of Confederate troops at Lookout Mountain-Mississionary Ridge .
   b. The Union was poised to dissect the upper and lower South, Maring across A
   c. 3 Dec - Longstreet abandoned his siege of Knoxville TN and retreated.
   
8. Battle of the Wilderness 5-6 May 1864
   a. Grant's advance was slow and costly compared to the rapid movements of Gen Wm Tecumseh Sherman and Thomas in Virginia
   b. From Mar - 1 Jul 1864, Grant lost 60,000 men to Lee's 30,000 as he moved toward Richmond with Lee trying to stop him.
   c. At a 3-day indecisive engagement Lee attacked Grant's right flank, costing 18,000 Union casualties to his own 10,000.
   d. Grant's pursuiit of Lee inflicted punishment from which Lee never recovered
   
9. Battle and Siege of Petersburg
   a. Grant moved to within 20 miles South of Richmond to Petersburg
   b. In an initial 4 day battle in June 1864, Grant lost another 8,000 men.
   c. Grant then dug in for a nine-months siege, longest of the war
   
10. Early's Raids July 1864
    a. Gen Jubal A. Early suddenly struck north into MD, crossed the Potomac and reached the District of Columbia, within 5 miles of Washington on 11 July.
    b. Lee Wallace slowed Early, allowing Grant time to defend the US capital, driving Early back into Virginia by 13 July.
    c. Gen Philip H. Sheridan , commander of the Army of Shenandoah, defeated Early in Sept before scorching the Valley as Sherman laid GA waste.
    
11. Sherman's Mar Through Georgia 7 May - 2 Sept 1864
    a. With 100,000 men, Sherman left Chattanooga in May 1864 to invade GA, facing CSA Gen Joseph E. Johnston , with 60,000 men.
    b. Initially repulsed by Johnston, by 17 Jul the Union army crossed into GA, 8 miles from Atlanta
    c. Davis grew impatient with Johnston, and replaced him with John Bell Hood who attacked Sherman twice before pulling back into Atlanta
    d. Bell abandoned Atlanta (1 Sept) leaving the city to Sherman on the next day.
    e. The fall of Atlanta lifted Northern morale, staggered by Grant's heavy casualties in pursuit of Lee, and contributed to Republican victories in Nov 1864.
    
12. Sherman's Mar to the Sea 14 Nov - 22 Dec 1864
    a. Leaving Thomas to hold Hood and protect TN, Sherman with 60,000 Mared to the sea.
    b. Before leaving Atlanta, he confiscated or destroyed all useful equipment useful.
    c. Sherman cut a swath through Georgia 60 miles wide and 300 mile long, systematically destroying factories, cotton gins, warehouses, bridges, railroads and some public buildings, the same scorched earth policy used by Sheridan in TN.
    d. His soldiers foraged liberally throughout the country, resulting in wild looting.
    e. Sherman's advance was virtually unopposed, reaching Savannah on 10 Dec which fell 22 Dec, presented as a gift to President Lincoln.
    
13. Battle of Nashville Dec 1864
    a. When pursuing Thomas, Hood made contact with Union forces under Gen John M Schofield at Franklin TN but was repulsed with heavy Confederate casualties.
    b. A 2-day battle near Nashville with Thomas and Schofield's combined forces, almost destroyed Hood's army.
    

C. Other Issues


1. Home Front
   a. A Northern economic boom resulted from the war with only wages lagging behind
   b. A steady flow of immigrants into the North, about 800,000, combining with new labor saving devices in industry and agriculture, solved the labor problem created by the demand for soldiers.
   
2. Domestic Issues
   a. Homestead Act
   (1) The absence of Southerners in Congress enabled Republicans to pass an act providing free homesteads of 160 acres to settlers.
   (2) Any head of household who lived on the land and improved it without using it as credit or collateral could receive title to the land after 5 years for a nominal fee
   (3) This promoted westward agricultural expansion and the production of bumper crops to meet the war's demands and increased demands caused by poor European harvests.
   (4) England was as dependent on Northern wheat as on Southern cotton.
   b. Morrill Act set aside land in each state for establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges.
   
3. Foreign Policy Issues
   a. Violation of the Monroe Doctrine
   (1) On 3 Feb 1868, Napoleon III offered to mediate the war but was rebuffed.
   (2) The French Emperor permitted French shipyards to build ships for the CSA.
   (3) France forcibly intervened in Mexico, occupied Mexico City with a French army on 7 June and placed Archduke Maximilian of Austria on the throne as Emperor of Mexico,
   (4) Although the US protested, Maximilian I was not removed until 1867.
   b. Britain also permitted the Confederates to construct ships in their shipyards.
   (1) These and other raiders destroyed 257 US ships
   (2) Several US shipowners transferred their vessels to foreign registries
   c. Diplomatic Favor for the North
   (1) Victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg decisively tipped the diplomatic balance to the North
   (2) The US warned Britain that any ironclad ships which left English shipyards was an act of war.
   (3) Britain took over all such ships in Oct and France ordered six naval vessels under construction for the Confederacy to be sold to European governments.
   
4. Election of 1864
   a. Candidates
   (1) Republicans in Baltimore
   (a) Forming a National Union ticket, the Republicans nominated Lincoln for a second term and placed on the ticket with him, Andrew Johnson (TN).
   (b) Born in NC, the Democrat Johnson, a tailor by trade, was the only South-erner who refused to leave the Senate when other states left the Union.
   (c) After serving in the state legislature, he was elected to the House of Repre-sentatives, served as Tennessee's Governor from 1853-57 and then was elected to the US Senate.
   (d) Lincoln rewarded him ofor his loyalty by making him military governor of TN in 1862, where he was instrumental in bringing Tennessee back into the Union first.
   (2) Democrats in Chicago
   (a) Led by Clement L. Vallandigham in the Old Northwest, "Peace Democrats" known as Copperheads took advantage of riots, set off by the conscription law (Mar 1863), allowing one to pay $300 to avoid the draft.
   (b) Nominated for President was Gen George B. McClellan and for Vice-President George H. Pendleton (OH).
   b. Campaign
   (1) Democrats under "Copperhead" influence called for immediate cessation of hostilities and the restoration of peace on the basis of the "Federal Union of States."
   (2) Republicans under a National Union banner emphasized the Union.
   (3) Northern defeatism and pacifism by midsummer made Lincoln's reelection outlook bleak.
   (a) Nevada was rushed into the Union to provide Lincoln with three electoral votes, which it was thought he might need to be reelected.
   (b) Lincoln's pocket-veto of a harsh reconstruction bill, Wade-Davis Bill , angered radical Republicans who wanted to replace Lincoln as candidate for President.
   i) While some favored Gen. Butler, who had not won a single Union victory, Radicals nominated John C. Fremont , but victories by Sherman in GA in Sept improved Lincoln's chances and induced the Radicals to unite behind him.
   ii) Fremont withdrew in Sept and endorsed Lincoln, partially in fear that a Democratic victory would bring back slavery.
   c. Results
   (1) After Union soldiers voted Lincoln carried NY, PA, CN, MD, IN and IL (101 electors).
   (2) Lincoln was reelected with 212 electoral votes to 21 for McClellan, who carried only KY decisively along with NJ and Delaware.
   (3) Of 4 million votes cast, Lincoln's majority of 400,000 votes was 55% of the total, 2,218,388 to 1,812,807.
   d. Reflection
   (1) With the loss of Southern Democrats in 1861 in Congress, Republicans passed the Morrill Tariff Act which favored native industry and pleased Northern businessmen, Homestead Act which pleased westerners, Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 which aided in establishing colleges and universities, and Pacific Railroad Act 1862 which subsidized construction of a transcontinental railroad from Omaha NE to San Francisco CA.
   (2) The conduct of the war stimulated the economy
   (3) These things + Union victories (Aug - Sept 1864) gave Lincoln the election (although he had privately stated he probably would not win.
   e. Lincoln's Inauguration
   (1) With Malice Toward None - he appealed to the nation not to seek vengeance
   (2) Ten Percent Plan
   (a) Lincoln's views on secession (Southern states could not leave the Union and did not need to reenter) caused him to forge a mild reconstruction plan.
   i) If the South remained crippled, the nation as a whole would be crippled.
   ii) Lincoln planned to spend as much as $400 million to rebuild the South
   (b) As early as Dec 1863, Lincoln declared a plan to restore Confederate states to the Union
   (c) When a state had 10% of the number of voters who voted in the presidential election of 1860 swear allegiance to the Constitution, that state could form a new government.
   (d) The new government must be representative, must recognize the free status of Blacks and must provide for the education of Black citizens.
   

D. Final Phase 1865 - Union Wins


1. Last Days of the Confederacy
   a. The breakdown of transportation, the blockade and Federal occupation of important producing areas and devastation of others spread hunger throughout much of the South.
   b. Riots and demonstrations against the CSA broke out in several Southern cities
   c. Because of increasing desertions in the Confederate army, Davis in desperation approved arming the slaves but the action was too late to affect the outcome of the war.
   
2. Sherman's Mar to the Sea 16 Jan - 21 Mar 1865
   a. Lincoln had at last found a General who was not afraid to pursue Lee and on 9 Mar he elevated Grant to chief of the Armies of the US
   b. While Grant pursued Lee, Sherman and Schofield led over 100,000 forces into Georgia.
   (1) Mar - 1 Jul 1865 -- Sherman fanned north through SC, wreaking greater havoc than in GA.
   (2) Over 12 towns including Columbia, the capital, were burned in whole or in part but it is not clear whether they were burned by Sherman or retreating rebels
   (3) The fall of Columbia led to the evacuation of Charleston which fell to the Union
   c. Sherman's advance through NC was slowed by CSA Gen Johnston, restored by Lee, now commanding all Confederate forces.
   d. Battle of Bentonville (19-20 Mar) was the last time Sherman met Johnston
   
3. Hampton Roads Conference (3 Feb) - Davis sent Vice-President Stephens, RMT Hunter and JA Campbell to confer with Lincoln and Seward aboard the Union transport River Queen , but Davis's insistence that the Confederacy be recognized, was unacceptable to Lincoln, ending the conference.
   
4. Petersburg and Richmond Abandoned
   a. 25 Mar - Lee (with 54,000 troops) could not break through Grant's besieging army (at an advantage with 115,000) at Ft. Steadman, east of Petersburg, but was badly beaten instead by Grant who systematically battered the Confederate lines.
   b. 1 Apr - Lee made his last assault of the war at Five Forks near Petersburg, but was repelled by the arrival of Sheridan.
   c. 2 Apr - Lee evacuated Petersburg and Richmond and headed toward Lynchburg, where he hoped to join forces with Johnston.
   
5. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse 9 Apr 1865
   a. With Grant in pursuit of Lee, Sheridan prevented Lee from moving by rail toward Johnston, virtually surrounding the Confederates.
   b. Lee's forces, now less than 30,000, had few rations.
   c. 7 Apr -- Grant requested Lee to surrender and Lee asked for terms.
   d. He met Grant at Appomattox Courthouse and quickly came to terms
   (1) Lee's soldiers were paroled to return home
   (2) Officers were permitted to retain side arms.
   (3) All soldiers could retain their private horses and mules.
   (4) All equipment was to be surrendered.
   (5) 25,000 rations were issued by the Union army to the Confederates.
   
6. Final Capitulation
   a. At Raleigh, Sherman drew close to Johnston, who surrendered on 18 Apr with 37,000 men who were granted liberal terms
   b. Political concessions were later disavowed by President Johnson.
   c. 4 May - Gen Taylor surrendered the remaining Confederate forces east of the Mississippi to Gen Canby at Citronelle AL
   
7. Assassination of President Lincoln 14 Apr 1865
   a. 5 Apr - Lincoln visited Richmond before returning to Washington DC.
   b. 9 Apr - News of Appomattox arrived by noon and Lincoln began plans to restore peace.
   c. At his last public address (11 Apr) and last Cabinet meeting (14 Apr), he pleaded for conciliation
   d. 14 Apr - At 10:15 PM, while sitting in his box at Ford's Theater in Washington at a performance of Our American Cousin , he was shot by John Wilkes Booth , carried unconscious across the street and died at 7:15 AM (15 Apr).
   e. Simultaneously with the assassination of Lincoln, Secretary Seward was attacked and severely wounded by Lewis Powell (aka Payne), Booth's conspirator.
   f. Escaping to VA, Booth was allegedly trapped in a barn near Bowling Greene where he supposedly shot himself (26 Apr), although rumors persisted that he survived
   g. Nine persons were implicated in the assassination plot of which 4 were hanged, 4 were imprisoned and the ninth was not convicted.
   
8. Civil War -- costliest in US history -- between 33% - 40% casualties
   a. Union dead 359,528 included 110,070 killed in battle or dying from wounds, and 275,175 wounded.
   b. Confederate losses included 258,000 dead of which 94,000 died in battle or from wounds, and at least 100,000 wounded.